CLYDE TOMBAUGH'S COSMIC
LEGACY
It’s one of the first thing newcomers are
told about when they move to Las
Cruces, if they don’t already know: Clyde Tombaugh,
the man who discovered Pluto, spent most of his life here.
Clyde was still here when I
arrived in 1994 and I was fortunate to be able to interview him several times
and spend some quality time with him and his wife, Patricia.
He
generously let me get up close and personal with some of his homemade
telescopes in his Mesilla
Park backyard. He shared
a lot of interesting stories about the scientific giants of his era, in fields
ranging from rocketry to astronomy and nuclear physics. He was more than half a
century my senior, but we had a surprising overlap in people we knew and
admired.
And
Patricia (which she preferred to “Patsy,” her kids report, “though she wasn’t
uptight about it”) was equally generous in sharing her knowledge and talents in
both the arts and sciences with the world and our community.
A
lot of attention has been focused on Pluto in recent months, and there are more
than a couple of sources who believe information from the New Horizons probe
will return our favorite son’s discovery to full-fledged planetary status.
I’ve
come to believe it doesn’t matter all that much if Pluto continues with its
reclassified “dwarf planet” status.
Patricia liked to point
out that its status as the smallest planet of the then-official nine somehow
endeared it to us, and especially to our children, who took to the Tombaughs
like a kind of Mr. and Mrs. Santa Claus of the cosmos. During lecture tours and
visits to area schools, kids were rapt and attentive as they heard about Clyde and his astronomical discoveries after Pluto
(including numerous star clusters and clusters of galaxies, hundreds of
asteroids, two comets, one nova, and the full extent of the Great
Perseus-Andromeda Stratum of Extra-Galactic Nebulae).
It’s apt that Tombaugh
Elementary School is among one of the regional institutions named for Clyde
(others include the Tombaugh IMAX Dome Theatre and Planetarium at the New
Mexico Space History Museum, the Tombaugh Observatory at NMSU, and the Tombaugh
Art Gallery at Unitarian Universalist Church, where the Tombaughs were founding
members).
If you’re a newcomer,
you may not know the story of Clyde, a bright and persistent boy who grew up on
farms in small communities in Illinois and Kansas, built his own telescopes and sent sketches of his
observations to Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff,
Arizona. They were so impressed
that they hired Clyde, who had not yet begun
college studies, to conduct planet-search photography in 1929. In 1930, with
painstaking comparisons of “blinking” photographic plates, he discovered Pluto.
It was an amazing feat
in that pre-computer era, rendered even more amazing by the fact that it would
be more than 75 years later, in a new millennium of high-tech advances, before
some astronomers figured they had enough data about what we now refer to as
Kuiper Belt Objects to reclassify Clyde’s discovery. On Aug. 24, 2006, at a
still-controversial meeting of the International Astronomical Union, a vote
involving 424 astronomers defined the term “planet” for the first time, a
definition that excluded Pluto and added it as a member of the new “dwarf
planet” category.
That was nearly a
decade after Clyde’s passing, and I wonder if
they would have had the nerve to try it if he’d still been alive. There were
mutterings earlier, but when last I talked to Clyde,
he told me that Pluto behaved as a planet, and a unique and unusual planet, at
that.
Stay tuned for more on
that. At this writing, Pluto and its five moons are showing some
characteristics that could knock our cosmic socks off, in layperson Pluto fan
terms. Astronomers are now talking about the ways Pluto and its biggest moon
Charon are functioning as a “double planet system” and there are reportedly
some intriguing and surprising aspects involving Pluto’s other moons, which
include Kerberos, Styx,
Nix and Hydra. There are also recent discoveries of mysterious dark spots — at
this writing, a big polar one on Charon and a group of dark circles on Pluto.
What we do know is that
Clyde had an extraordinary life and career,
and the discovery of Pluto, and a resulting scholarship that allowed him to
attend college, were just the beginning. Check out his accomplishments at the
exhibit continuing this month at the Branigan
Cultural Center.
And join his friends,
fans and family for the big Plutopalooza
street party downtown on July 25 and follow-up
lectures and reports that will continue at annual Tombaugh Days celebrations
each February at the Las Cruces
Museum of Nature &
Science.
Little Pluto, and the
achievements of the man who discovered it, are wonders whose depths we have
only begun to probe and appreciate.
S. Derrickson Moore may be
reached at dmoore @lcsun-news.com, @DerricksonMoore on Twitter and Tout, or
call 575-541-5450.
TOMBAUGH TIMELINE
•1906: Feb. 4: Clyde
William Tombaugh born on a farm near Streator,
Ill.
•1922: Family moved to Kansas farm
•1925: Graduated from Burdett High School,
Burdett, Kan.
•1926: Constructed
first telescope
•1927-28: Constructed
9-inch telescope
•1929: After sending
planetary sketches to Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz.,
hired by observatory director V. M. Slipher to conduct planet-search
photography
•1930: Feb. 18: Discovered
ninth planet Pluto by comparing “blinking” photographic plates
•1930: March 13:
Official announcement of the discovery
•1931: Awarded the
Jackson-Gwilt Medal and Gift by the Royal Astronomical Society in recognition
of his discovery. Also received the Edwin Emory Slosson Scholarship to University of Kansas,
Lawrence, Kan.
•1932: Entered University of Kansas as a freshman; continued planet
search work at Lowell Observatory in the summers while pursuing his university
education
•1934: Married Patricia
(Patsy) Edson (two children: Annette, born 1940 and Alden, born 1945)
•1936: B.A., University of Kansas
•1939: M.A., University of Kansas. Thesis: “Study of the
Observational Capabilities of the University’s 27-inch Newtonian Reflector with
a Program to Restore the Telescope to Pristine Condition”
•1943-45: Taught at
Arizona State Teachers College (now Northern Arizona University) in Flagstaff,
Ariz. serving first as physics instructor for the college and later as
navigation instructor for the Navy V-12 program
•1945: End of the
Trans-Saturnian Planet Search at Lowell
Observatory. In addition to identifying the ninth planet Pluto, during the
course of the planet search Tombaugh discovered numerous star clusters and
clusters of galaxies, hundreds of asteroids, two comets, one nova and showed
the full extent of the Great Perseus-Andromeda Stratum of Extra-Galactic
Nebulae.
•1945-46: Visiting
Assistant Professor in Astronomy at University
of California at Los Angeles
•1946: Moved to Las Cruces, N.M.
•1946-50: As Chief of
Optical Measurements Section at White Sands Proving Ground, Tombaugh was
responsible for the tracking telescopes used to photograph rockets and missiles
during test flights.
•1950-55: Optical
physicist in charge of optical and photographic research in the Systems
Engineering Branch at White Sands Proving Ground
•1951: Founded Las
Cruces Astronomical Society with Jed Durrenberger, Walter Haas, and others, and
served as its first president
•1952: Returned to
Lowell Observatory for a few months to conduct preliminary work on a proposed
survey of proper motion stars
•1953-55: Initiated and
led Near Earth Satellite Search, funded by the Army Office of Ordnance Research
and conducted at Lowell Observatory. The search was focused on identifying any small
natural satellites of the Earth as a preparatory step to beginning space
exploration.
•1955: Administration
of the satellite search project transferred from White Sands Proving Ground to
the Physical Science Laboratory at New
Mexico State University.
•1955: Clyde and Patsy Tombaugh were among the founding members
of the Las Cruces Unitarian Fellowship (now Unitarian Universalist Church of
Las Cruces).
•1956-58: Satellite
search project conducted in Quito,
Ecuador; search
was extended beyond the original end date of 1957 in order to photograph the
first man-made satellite Sputnik I.
•1958-73: Initiated and
led photographic Planetary Patrol of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
•1959: Near Earth
Satellite Search final report issued; no satellites had been found. This
negative result gave assurance that rockets could be sent into space without
colliding with natural debris.
•1959-68: Transferred
from NMSU Physical Science Laboratory to new NMSU Research
Center as associate
research professor. In addition to the planetary patrol work, Tombaugh carried
out projects studying the geology of Mars and conducted a site evaluation study
for a proposed Air Force observatory near Cloudcroft,
N.M.
•1960: Received
honorary doctorate from Northern Arizona University,
Flagstaff, Ariz.
•1961-70: Taught
astronomy part time in the Department of Earth Sciences (renamed Department of
Earth Sciences and Astronomy in 1965), continued research work in NMSU Research
Center half-time
•1968: Worked to
establish Astronomy graduate program in at NMSU moved forward with the
submission of a “Request for Preliminary Accreditation for a Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy in Astronomy”
•1970, July 1: Ph.D.
granting Department of Astronomy established at New Mexico State
University
•1972: Dedication of
the Clyde W. Tombaugh Observatory on the New Mexico State
University campus
•1973: Retired from
NMSU as Emeritus Professor of Astronomy
•1980: “Out of the
Darkness, The Planet Pluto,” an autobiographical account of the discovery,
published with co-author Patrick Moore. Numerous events held to commemorate the
50th anniversary of the discovery of Pluto, including the meeting “Pluto - The
Ninth Planet’s Golden Year,” sponsored by the NMSU Department of Astronomy.
•1986: Clyde Tombaugh Scholars Fund in support of postdoctoral
fellowship at NMSU established
•1987-88: Conducted
national speaking tour to raise funds for Tombaugh Scholars Fund
•1997, Jan. 17: Died at
his home in Mesilla
Park
•2006, Jan. 19: New
Horizons was launched on an Atlas V rocket, from Florida’s
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, directly into an Earth-and-solar-escape
trajectory with Clyde’s ashes on board,
leaving Earth at the fastest launch speed ever recorded for a human-made
object. It flew by Jupiter on Feb, 28, 2007, and Saturn’s orbit on June 8,
2008. Slated to arrive at Pluto on July 14, 2015 and then continue into the
Kuiper belt.
•Aug. 24, 2006: At a
still-controversial meeting of the International Astronomical Union, a vote
involving 424 astronomers defined the term “planet” for the first time, a
definition which excluded Pluto and added it as a member of the new “dwarf
planet” category.
•March 2, 2010: On “The
Pluto Files” NOVA show on PBS, Neil deGrasse Tyson profiled Clyde
and interviewed members of the Tombaugh family and famous supporters of Pluto’s
planetary status, including Jon Stewart and Diane Sawyer.
•Jan. 12, 2012:
Patricia Edson Tombaugh, Clyde’s wife, lecture partner and community leader,
died in Las Cruces
at age 99.
•Feb. 2, 2013: Tombaugh
Day established at Las Cruces
Museum of Nature &
Science. A celebration is planned annually near Clyde’s
Feb. 4 birthday.
•July 14, 2015: New
Horizons probe, launched on Jan. 19, 2006, with Clyde’s
ashes on board, slated to make its closest approach to Pluto. In 2010, a
special festival, Plutopalooza, was proposed to celebrate the event in June and
July, 2015 in Las Cruces.
Clyde’s birthplace, Steater,
Ill., also had a 2015
Plutopalooza event.